Read Article 03:
John P. Wikswo, Frank E. Block III, David E. Cliffel, Cody R. Goodwin,
Christina C. Marasco, Dmitry A. Markov, David L. McLean, John A.
McLean, Jennifer R. McKenzie, Ronald S. Reiserer, Philip C. Samson,
David K. Schaffer, Kevin T. Seale, and Stacy D. Sherrod. Engineering
Challenges for Instrumenting and Controlling Integrated Organ-on-a-Chip
Systems. IEEE Trans.Biomed.Eng. 60 (3):682-690, 2013.
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The Systems Biology of COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The class will build a foundation that includes the emergence of complexity, simple biological subsystems, their reductionist and equivalent toy and organ-chip models, and the measurements required to specify model architecture and parameters. Applications to biology, physiology, medicine, chemical and biological defense, pharmacology, drug discovery, and toxicology. UGrad: PHYS 240 01 and BME 290B; Grad: PHYS 326 and BME 395C.
David Wooten
ReplyDeleteAsgn_2E_Class_02_Article_03_2013_08_27
0. Knew: Physiological features scale as a power law function of mass.
1. Learned: Different organs scale with different exponents. Clearly this would make scaling a human down non-trivial.
2. Pressing ?: How should things be scaled? Is the goal to develop a general theory of appropriate organ ratios given a particular sub-human scale? Why is it necessarily true that blood volume should scale down trivially, while nothing else does?
3. Presentation: Scaling in biology
4. Thoughts: This paper was interesting, and I imagine there are a lot of insights to gain from understanding proper scaling ratios of biological organs/input/output, and how they relate to signaling.
Asgn_2E_Class_02_Article_03_2013_08_27
ReplyDelete0. Knew: The possible uses for a OoC and the fact they may be useful in mimicking disease states.
1. Learned: The scaling issue is much larger than I realized. Before this article I had the impression you could use the information studied over the years on various proportions.
2. Question: So is IM-MS just for the use of surveying and finding unknowns, or is it for use during experiments as well?
3. Presentation: Cost of maintaining one organ vs maintaining a whole organ system.
4. Thoughts: In section E on page 687, it mentions the need for a control algorithm to ensure the stability of the entire organ system. Wouldn't this be near impossible to develop since we do not know all of the body's regulatory system's intricacies? Is that not what we hope the human on a chip helps us discover?
Austin Oleskie
ReplyDeleteAsgn_2E_Class_02_Article_03_2013_08_27
0. Knew: About OoC technology, what it can be useful for, and that various organs can be linked together.
1. Learned: I knew the organs would have to be scaled, it would be pretty impractical to create a full size human replica, but hadn't given much thought to the problem. I learned some of the rough sizes of organs relative to each other.
2. Pressing ?: How feasible is the micro human system? What are the sizes of the tubing and pump volume? This is somewhat addressed right at the beginning under section II.A.
3. Presentation: Viability of scaling a human
4. Thoughts: Human on a chip seems very promising, but there are still many engineering problems to overcome in addition to the biological ones. Some of these, the engineering problems, will be better understood as we continue to learn the processes that govern biological pathways.
Frank "Edad" Block, Jr.
ReplyDeleteAsgn_2E_Class_02_Article_03_2013_08_27
0 Knew: Had previously considered top-down and bottom-up approaches to this.
1 Learned: Point about liver kinetics. Idea of switching functions (vs. aquarium model).
2 Pressing: This gets into order of metabolism. Example: Alcohol is metabolized in the human liver in a zero-order metabolism = fixed amount of alcohol per hour, independent of concentration.
3 Presentation: Need to discuss orders of metabolism and whether OoC orders of metabolism will or won’t reflect real organ metabolism.
4 Thoughts: Look into orders of metabolism as a key research topic on all this! ALSO, I was speaking with a friend, Dr. Mike Jopling, this past weekend. He is developing a fast fluorescence analysis technique to look at Indocyanine Green and look at cardiac output, shunts, etc. His fast fluorescence MIGHT be applicable to some of the OoC problem
4 Continued: Additional ideas might relate to a chimera approach:
1. Use a snail heart to perfuse all this. It may be too difficult to do everything with a mechanical pump!
2. Put a human heart into an ape. The ape would need to be immunosuppressed but short-term it would be fine. Then you can truly model the effect or ANYTHING on an intact animal with a human heart.
Jie Zhao
ReplyDeleteAsgn_2E_Class_02_Article_02_2013_08_27
0. shorter people are more flexible and less likelyhood to have bone fracture and other bone problems.
1. a. the allometric scaling of organs compare to body mass.
b.
2. another potential concern is the vector of the scales of different organs that gets the HoC function, is very likely distorted compare to real
human ratio. then the response caused by the drug cannot be proportionally represented on each organ-- which means there must be several organ
cannot indicate the drug effect in a wanted range, and eventually cause false negative/false possitive for the drug test.
3.
4. the HoC may have multiple attractors to maintain function.
Christopher Bulow
ReplyDeleteAsgn_2E_Class_02_Article_02_2013_08_27
0. Knew: There are various methods for scaling organ systems on chips. There is a maximum size a cell can reach before it is too inefficient to survive. Likewise, there is a maximum size animals may reach.
1. Learned: Method of allometric scaling. Interesting that pharmaceutical industry found physiological scaling more relevant than allometric scaling.
2. Pressing ?: How can you be sure a system is scaled physiologically? Why are small fluid volumes necessary? Are there physiological functions cannot be replicated on the mice and milli scale?
3. Presentation: Differences in physiology between large and small animals.
4. The HoC may successfully integrate many physiological functions; however, it is forced by its size to omit many potentially important functions.
"mice" should be "micro"
DeleteCameron Stewart
ReplyDeleteAsgn_2E_Class_02_Article_03_2013_08_27
0. I already knew how gas chromatography and spectroscopy work from my organic chemistry class.
1. I learned how the blood leaving each organ will be analyzed. Pg 3 Second paragraph after C. Analytical Chemistry…
2. What sort of machine-learning algorithm would you use? Pg 6 I. Modeling Coupled Organ Systems
3. The article is concerned with the challenges and desired functions of organ-on-chip systems.
4. Thoughts: Seems cool. I love the cartography quote at the end. I think that I’m getting a clearer understanding of what organs-on-chips are/should be.
0. I knew the concept of the OoC but this article highlighted the challenges that I did not know.
ReplyDelete1. I learned about some interesting projects associated with this research such as the Physiome project and the DARPA project to determine the correct scaling aspects of the organs.
2. The conclusions talk about the OoC will lead to advances in a variety of fields but how long till such technology is employed.
3. See question 2.
4. I would like to learn more about the sensing technologies employed in figure 1.
Blog Harvested
ReplyDeleteJPW
Rui Wang
ReplyDelete0. Knew: OoCs and HoCs are currently applied in the drug testing and cell responses.
1. Learned: The design of modeling couples organ systems is the design of active physiological components.
2. Questions: Generally, an OoC system will require an equivalent state. How to prove that such a non-linear system will oscillate?
4. Thoughts: Modeling coupled organ systems maybe just like robots. Differently, how to keep the balance of the system in chimerical, biological and electrical measurement when designing coupled organ systems?